How are metal carbonates formed?
give chemical equations as examples.
Answers:
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metal + carbonic acids
* Spheroidizing: Spheroidite forms when plain-carbon steel is heated to approximately 700 °C for over 30 hours. Spheroidite can form at lower temperatures but the time needed drastically increases, as this is a diffusion controlled process. The result is a structure of rods or spheres of cementite inwardly primary structure (ferrite or pearlite, depending on which side of the eutectoid you are on). The purpose is to soften higher carbon steels and allow more formability. This is the softest and most ductile form of steel. The depiction to the left shows where spheroidizing usually occur.[1]
* Full annealing: Plain-carbon steel is heated to approximately 40 °C above Ac3 or Ac1 for 1 hour; this assures all the ferrite transforms into austenite (although cementite still might exist if the carbon content is greater than the eutectoid). The steel must then be cooled slowly, contained by the realm of 100 °F per hour. Usually it is just furnace cooled, where on earth the furnace is turned off with the steel still inside. This results contained by a coarse pearlitic °structure, which means the "bands" of pearlite are thick. Fully annealed steel is soft and ductile, beside no internal stresses, which is often necessary for cost-effective forming. Only spheroidized steel is softer and more ductile.[2]
* Process annealing: A process used to relieve stress contained by a cold-worked plain-carbon steel with less than 0.3 wt% C. The steel is usually heated up to 550 - 650°C for 1 hour, but sometimes temperature as high as 700°C. The image to the right shows the nouns where process annealing occurs.[2]
* Normalizing: Plain-carbon steel is heated to approximately 55 °C above Ac3 or Acm for 1 hour; this assures the steel completely transforms to austenite. The steel is afterwards air cooled, which is a cooling rate of approximately 100°F per minute. This results in a fine pearlitic structure, and a more uniform structure. Normalized steel have a higher strength than annealed steel; it has a relatively dignified strength and ductility.[3]
* Quenching: Plain-carbon steel with at least 0.4 wt% C is heated to normalize temperatures and then hastily cooled (quenched) in water, brine, or grease to the critical temperature. The critical temperature is dependent on the carbon content, but as a standard rule is lower as the carbon content increases. This results in a martensitic structure; a form of steel that possesses a super-saturated carbon content in a deformed Body Centered Cubic (BCC) crystalline structure, properly term Body Centered Tetragonal (BCT). This crystalline structure has a very soaring amount of internal stress. Due to these internal stress quenched steel is extremely hard but brittle, usually too brittle for practical purposes. These internal stresses incentive stress cracks on the surface. Quenched steel is approximately three (lower carbon content) to four(high carbon content) times harder than normalized steel.[4]
o Martempering (Marquenching): The marquenching process is the same as quench, but the steel is quenched in an grease or brine solution at a temperature right above the "martensite start temperature". The steel is held in this solution until the center and surface temperature equalize. Then the steel is cooled at a moderate speed to keep the temperature hill minimal. Not only does this process reduce internal stresses and stress cracks, but it also increases the impact resistance. This is the quench process used in industry to obtain martensite.[5]
* Quench and temper: This is the most common heat treatment encounter, because the final properties can be precisely determined by the temperature and time of the tempering. Tempering involves reheating quench steel to a temperature below the eutectoid temperature consequently cooling. The elevated temperature allows very small amounts of spheroidite to form, which restore ductility, but reduce hardness. Actual temperatures and times are with care chosen for each composition.
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Answers:
i am not suor, i wish i newhey push button Source(s): wazzzzzzzzzzzz upp
metal + carbonic acids
* Spheroidizing: Spheroidite forms when plain-carbon steel is heated to approximately 700 °C for over 30 hours. Spheroidite can form at lower temperatures but the time needed drastically increases, as this is a diffusion controlled process. The result is a structure of rods or spheres of cementite inwardly primary structure (ferrite or pearlite, depending on which side of the eutectoid you are on). The purpose is to soften higher carbon steels and allow more formability. This is the softest and most ductile form of steel. The depiction to the left shows where spheroidizing usually occur.[1]
* Full annealing: Plain-carbon steel is heated to approximately 40 °C above Ac3 or Ac1 for 1 hour; this assures all the ferrite transforms into austenite (although cementite still might exist if the carbon content is greater than the eutectoid). The steel must then be cooled slowly, contained by the realm of 100 °F per hour. Usually it is just furnace cooled, where on earth the furnace is turned off with the steel still inside. This results contained by a coarse pearlitic °structure, which means the "bands" of pearlite are thick. Fully annealed steel is soft and ductile, beside no internal stresses, which is often necessary for cost-effective forming. Only spheroidized steel is softer and more ductile.[2]
* Process annealing: A process used to relieve stress contained by a cold-worked plain-carbon steel with less than 0.3 wt% C. The steel is usually heated up to 550 - 650°C for 1 hour, but sometimes temperature as high as 700°C. The image to the right shows the nouns where process annealing occurs.[2]
* Normalizing: Plain-carbon steel is heated to approximately 55 °C above Ac3 or Acm for 1 hour; this assures the steel completely transforms to austenite. The steel is afterwards air cooled, which is a cooling rate of approximately 100°F per minute. This results in a fine pearlitic structure, and a more uniform structure. Normalized steel have a higher strength than annealed steel; it has a relatively dignified strength and ductility.[3]
* Quenching: Plain-carbon steel with at least 0.4 wt% C is heated to normalize temperatures and then hastily cooled (quenched) in water, brine, or grease to the critical temperature. The critical temperature is dependent on the carbon content, but as a standard rule is lower as the carbon content increases. This results in a martensitic structure; a form of steel that possesses a super-saturated carbon content in a deformed Body Centered Cubic (BCC) crystalline structure, properly term Body Centered Tetragonal (BCT). This crystalline structure has a very soaring amount of internal stress. Due to these internal stress quenched steel is extremely hard but brittle, usually too brittle for practical purposes. These internal stresses incentive stress cracks on the surface. Quenched steel is approximately three (lower carbon content) to four(high carbon content) times harder than normalized steel.[4]
o Martempering (Marquenching): The marquenching process is the same as quench, but the steel is quenched in an grease or brine solution at a temperature right above the "martensite start temperature". The steel is held in this solution until the center and surface temperature equalize. Then the steel is cooled at a moderate speed to keep the temperature hill minimal. Not only does this process reduce internal stresses and stress cracks, but it also increases the impact resistance. This is the quench process used in industry to obtain martensite.[5]
* Quench and temper: This is the most common heat treatment encounter, because the final properties can be precisely determined by the temperature and time of the tempering. Tempering involves reheating quench steel to a temperature below the eutectoid temperature consequently cooling. The elevated temperature allows very small amounts of spheroidite to form, which restore ductility, but reduce hardness. Actual temperatures and times are with care chosen for each composition.
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